Germany breaks the agreement in 1941, invading Russia, which then joins the Allies. He dies in 1953, following a stroke.ġ939: World War II begins, and, in accord with a pact between Stalin and Adolf Hitler, Russia invades Poland, Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland. His totalitarian rule includes his Great Purge, beginning in 1934, in which at least 750,000 people were killed to eliminate opposition. Lenin rules until his death in 1924.ġ929-1953: Joseph Stalin becomes dictator, taking Russia from a peasant society to military and industrial power. Civil War breaks out later that year, with Lenin’s Red Army claiming victory and the establishment of the Soviet Union. 6-7, 1917: The violent Russian Revolution marks the end of the Romanov dynasty and Russian Imperial Rule, as the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, take power and eventually become the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Lenin, the Bolsheviks and Rise of the Soviet Union He is assassinated in 1881.ġ914: Russia enters WWI against Austria-Hungary in defense of Serbia. In 1867, he sells Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the United States, gilding the St. His other notable reforms include universal military service, strengthening Russia’s borders and promoting self-government. Russia is crippled in its defeat.ġ861: Czar Alexander II issues his Emancipation Reform, abolishing serfdom and allowing peasants to purchase land. A champion of the arts, her 30-plus-year rule also extends Russia’s borders.ġ853-1856: Stemming from Russian pressure on Turkey and religious tensions, the Ottoman Empire, along with British and French forces, fights Russia and Czar Nicholas I in the Crimean War. With his introduction of Western European culture, Russia becomes a world power.ġ762: Russia’s longest-ruling female leader, Catherine II, or Catherine the Great, takes power in a bloodless coup and her reign marks Russia’s era of enlightenment. Petersburg, modernizing the military (and founding the Russian navy) and reorganizing the government. The Romanov dynasty will rule Russia for three centuries.ġ689-1725: Peter the Great rules until his death, building a new capital in St. He dies of a stroke in 1584.ġ613: After several years of unrest, famine, civil war and invasions, Mikhail Romanov is coronated as czar at age 16, ending a long period of instability. The grandson of Ivan the Great expands the Muscovite territory into Siberia while instituting a reign of terror against nobility using military rule. The Khan of the Golden Horde rules Russia until 1480.ġ480-1505: Ivan III-known as Ivan the Great-rules, freeing Russia from the Mongols, and consolidating Muscovite rule.ġ547-1584: Ivan IV-or Ivan the Terrible-becomes the first czar of Russia. His son, Yaroslav the Wise, reigns from 1019-1054 as grand prince, establishing a written code of law, and Kiev becomes a center of politics and culture in eastern Europe.ġ237-1240: Mongols invade Kievan Rus, destroying cities including Kiev and Moscow. Kiev becomes the capital 20 years later.ĩ80-1015: Prince Vladimir the Great, who converts from paganism to Orthodox Christianity, rules the Rurik dynasty while spreading his newfound religion. 862: The first major East Slavic state, Kievan Rus, is founded and led by the Viking Oleg of Novgorod (although some historians dispute this account).
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